ii. The length of the bed varies from 30 meters for loamy soils to 90 meters for clayey soils. Table 1 provides some guidance on the maximum width of basins or terraces, depending on the land slope. 1. slope of the land is gentle or flat2. In Figure 16 the water is supplied to the highest terrace (a.1) and is allowed to flow through terrace a.2 until the lowest terrace (a.3) is filled. soil is clay3. Figure 14 Construction terraces (Construction first bund), Figure 14 Construction terraces (Levelling 1st field), Figure 14 Construction terraces (Construction 2nd bund). 2.1.2 Suitable land slopes Figure 22 shows what happens if too much water is supplied to a basin. To obtain a uniformly wetted root zone, the surface of the basin must be level and the irrigation water must be applied quickly. The relationship between soil type, stream size and size of the basin is given in Table 2. Figure 20 Wetting pattern when the flow rate is insufficient. Although most other crops can be grown on clays, loamy soils are preferred for basin irrigation so that waterlogging (permanent saturation of the soil) can be avoided. 07/08/2016. A terrace is set out by first locating a suitable contour line across the land slope (Figure 11; see also Volume 2). Before each growing season, the basins should be checked to see that they remain level. In this method, the land to be irrigated is divided into small plots or basins surrounded by checks, levees (low bunds); as shown in Figure 7. If the slope of branch ‘Dhora’ is steep, ‘mooonja’ or polythene is spread in it to prevent erosion of sides. field preparation is mechanized. Portable pipes or large hoses are often used in place or ditches for conveying water to the basins. Steep slopes require complex layouts and heavy land levelling. Check basin method of irrigation. 2. check basin irrigation irrigating basins 2) cascade method 29. Check flooding and border strip method are two that comes in the bottom. Its mainly 3. If hand or animal powered tillage is used then basins can be much narrower than if machines are used for cultivation. Nayana Kodkani. Machines cannot be used m this method because during spray of insecticides or fertilizers, the earthen walls of basins are damaged. What is the size of the basin: 10, 100, 1000 or 10 This is further explained in Annex 3. - poor layout, e.g.  It is the most common method. However, continual under-irrigation will eventually restrict root development and the crop may suffer when there are delays in irrigating, e.g. Some parts of the root zone receive too little water and in the lower parts water may pond or be lost through deep percolation. This problem can be solved by re-aligning basin boundaries so that each basin contains only one soil type. 000 m2? 3. The size and shape of basins can often be limited by farming practice. Basin Irrigation Method A raised platform is created around the trees and bushes. Basins are connected through a ‘Dhora’ (A small drain type flow way), which has raised earthen walls on both sides. In a 2-year study, using the basin irrigation method, saffron yield was 2.32 and 5.4 kg ha −1, while the yield were only 0.53 and 1.20 kg ha −1 under furrow irrigation in the first and the second years, respectively. CHECK BASIN IRRIGATION MAINTENANCE OF BASINS Erosion control is made which may be caused by rainfall,flooding or the passing of people when used as footpaths Rats may dig holes in the sides of the bunds. These levees can be short or long which are constructed along the contour. A useful piece of equipment for forming bunds is an A-frame (Figure 12). The main source of water is located at the highest place in the field. Small irrigation channels are provided between two adjacent rows of beds. On sloping land, where terraces are constructed, levelling is achieved by moving soil from the upper part of the slope to the lower part (Figure 14). The part of the basin which receives irrigation water first (near the supply channel) and thus the longest, receives too much water. Paddy rice is best grown on clayey soils which are almost impermeable as percolation losses are low. Figure 15 shows that "Basin a" is irrigated first, then "Basin b" is irrigated and so on. - subdivide the basin into smaller basins; smaller basins need a smaller stream size than larger basins.  The water applied to a desired depth can be retained until it infiltrates into the soil. It does not require any technical knowledge. These can be smoothed put and the water in the basin gradually lowered to reveal other high areas. Before we begin, let’s look at the classification of surface irrigation. It is a special type of check flooding. Chapter 7 discusses under In controlled flooding, water is spread or flooded on a rather… Thus the terrace nearest the supply channel is the last to be irrigated. If crops receive too little water, they will suffer from drought stress, and yield may be reduced. a poorly levelled surface; - poor management, e.g. The lower terrace is irrigated first and when complete the bund is closed and water is diverted into the next terrace. It is also possible to construct basins on sloping land, even when the slope is quite steep. Free flooding, basin flooding, flooding by contour laterals, zigzag method of flooding, border strip flooding and check flooding are the 6 types of controlled flooding which is a subcategory of surface irrigation. Surface irrigation is the supply of water to the plants on the surface. Therefore percolation losses will occur near the field channel, if sufficient water is supplied to the opposite side of the basin. Advantages If the required irrigation depth is large, the basin can be large. These basins are surrounded by small furrows. 2Layout of check basin method of irrigation Closegrowingcrops likerice, wheat, oilseeds and pulses can be irrigated bythis method. 2.4 Irrigating Basins The check method of irrigation is based on rapid application of irrigation water to a level or nearly level area completely enclosed by dikes.In this method, the entire field is divided into a number of almost levelled plots (compartments or ‘Kiaries’) surrounded by levees.Water is admitted from the farmer’s watercourse to these plots turn by turn. Free flooding. required depth of the irrigation application is large5. In the blog, we are going to learn everything about these two with figures. Basins are connected through a ‘Dhora’ (A small drain type flow way), which has raised earthen walls on both sides. required depth of the irrigation application is small5. One or more trees are generally placed in the basin & the surface is flooded as in check method. 3. Irrigation After growth of crops, water reaches the basins in disproportionate quantity thereby causing wastage of water. Table 2 SUGGESTED MAXIMUM BASIN AREAS (m2) FOR VARIOUS SOIL TYPES AND AVAILABLE STREAM SIZES (l/sec). This situation may be very helpful for growing rice but will be harmful for other crops. During the annual Nile flood, the basins were flooded and the… They are sometimes called ridges, dykes or levees. The shape and size of basins are mainly determined by the land slope, the soil type, the available stream size (the water flow to the basin), the required depth of the irrigation application and farming practices. Similarly, if the required irrigation depth is small, then the basin should be small to obtain good water distribution. The obvious solution is to apply less water. A distinction has to be made between rice and non-rice or other crops. It is the most common, economical and simple irrigation method Different soil types within a basin can cause very uneven water distribution. If there is a drainage flow then it is possible to reduce the inflow. The check basin method is the most common method of irrigation used in India. This is called "under-irrigation" and is caused by under-estimating the time needed to fill the root zone. Furrow method. Bunds are susceptible to erosion which may be caused by, for example, rainfall, flooding or the passing of people when used as footpaths. This method is more useful in soils having lesser infiltration. Infiltration through this layer may be very slow and so water tends to accumulate above this layer: a "perched" water table is formed (Figure 18). 4. Surface irrigation, subsurface irrigation and sprinkler irrigation. Which soils are suitable for basin irrigation depends on the crop grown. 2.2.1 Shape and size of Basins are connected through a ‘Dhora’ (A small drain type flow way), which has raised earthen walls on both sides. 1) Free flooding or Ordinary flooding. However, 3 cm level differences are almost impossible to judge by eye and only when applying water will it become obvious where high and low spots still exist. If the total basin area is 1000 m2 and the width is 25 m, the maximum basin length is 1000/25 = 40 m. This example shows how to estimate the maximum basin dimensions. Percolation losses occur, nutrients are washed away and the plants may drown. Water from these ditches flows across the field. This method can be used for most crop types and is suitable for most soils. This consists of two boards set on edge and cross-braced, with a wide opening at the front and a narrow opening at the rear. Plants suffer in the drier parts because they receive too little water and wilt. 2. This can be done using pegs, string lines or chalk powder to mark the lines of the bunds. 2.2 Basin Layout The following steps are involved in the construction of basins: setting out; forming the bunds; and smoothing the land within the basins. Bed or border method (Sara and Flat beds or check basin): In this method the field is leveled and divided into small beds surrounded by bunds of 15 to 30 cm high. (How to determine the infiltration rate of the soil is explained in detail in Annex 2.) A compacted sub-soil layer can sometimes occur in a basin some 30-50 cm below the soil surface. Although water may be used efficiently by this approach, frequent irrigation will be necessary to meet crop water needs. How high should the bund be: 10, 50 or 100 cm? The long side of the basin is along the contour line. shape of the bund?  Bunds or ridges are constructed around the area forming basins within which the irrigation water can be controlled. The plants there do not receive enough water and wilt. On the large mechanized farms, basins are generally made as large as possible to provide large uninterrupted areas for machine movements. If the slope and thus the contour line is irregular, the shape of the basin will also be irregular. Hence, water-use efficiency was significantly higher in basin irrigation (Azizi-Zohan et al., 2009).However, the place in which corms are planted, inside or … Under this system, the fields on the flat floodplain were divided by earth banks into a series of large basins of varying size but some as large as 50,000 acres (20,000 hectares). Before forming bunds with an A-frame it is useful to loosen the top soil to a depth of 10-15 cm so that the blades can easily collect sufficient soil. Basin irrigation is suitable for many field crops. This method is useful for irrigating trees and bushes and not suitable for crops. 2.2.1 Basin irrigation. Such conditions sometimes occur in valley bottoms. For good crop growth it is very important that the right quantity of water is supplied to the root zone (see also Volume 3: Irrigation Water Needs) and that the root zone is wetted uniformly. Irrigating banana at 1.0 IW/CPE ration (once in 7 days) from 0-7 months and 1.2 IW/CPE ratio (once in 5 days) from 7-14 months recorded higher mean yield of 32.7 t/ha with an increased fruit yield of 2.1 t/ha compared to basin irrigation at 1.0 IW/CPE ratio throughout the crop growth period, besides higher WUE and saving of 140 mm of water. There are two methods to supply irrigation water to basins: the direct method and the cascade method. The width of bunds should be such that leakage will not occur, and that they are stable. Check flooding and border strip method are two types in surface irrigation, one of the major methods of irrigation. Temporary bunds are normally 60-120 cm wide at the base and have a height of 1.5-30 cm above the original ground surface, including a freeboard of 10 cm (which means an irrigation depth of 5-20 cm). The following are the Traditional Irrigation methods: 1. check basin method 2. furrow irrigation method 3. strip irrigation method 4. basin irrigation method . This is called "over-irrigation". As basin construction is mechanized, the terraces should be as wide as possible. Rice could also be grown on sandy soils but percolation losses will be high unless a high water table can be maintained. Inthis method, goodcontrol ofirrigation water is possible and so the wastage of water is very low and water application efficiency is high. In this method (check basin method), the whole field is divided into basins according to the capacity of water. This method of smoothing usually destroys the soil structure. In this particular method, ditches are dug in the field. These aspects are discussed in the following sections. Types of Flood Irrigation. ‘Dhora’ is of two types, one is the main ‘Dhora’ and the other ‘Dhora’ is connected to basins. When long cascades are used for growing rice it is common practice to allow water to flow continuously into the terraces at low discharge rates. check basin irriga­ tion is the most common method of irrigation among irriga­ The size of basins depends not only on the slope but also on the soil type and the available water flow to the basins. Free flooding, basin flooding, flooding by contour laterals, zigzag method of flooding, border strip flooding and check flooding are the 6 types of controlled flooding which is a subcategory of surface irrigation. Check basin irrigation is one of the five (5) primary methods of surface Irrigation System. Basin flooding. It has been practised in many areas virtually unchanged for thousands of years. Check method consists of dividing the field into several relatively level plots called checks surrounded by low bunds. This can be avoided by reducing the width of basins and thus limiting the depth of excavation. This is not a problem when growing rice, but it is not a recommended procedure for other crops. Both row crops and close-growing crops are adopted to be used with basins as long as the crop is not affected by temporary inundation or is planted in raised beds so that it will … A typical A-frame suitable for drawing by animals has blades 20 cm deep and 2 m long spaced 1.5 m apart at the front and 30 cm apart at the rear. check basin irrigation is the most common method of irrigation among irrigation farmers (both Values are based on practical experience, and have been adjusted in particular to suit small-scale irrigation conditions. In this method (check basin method), the whole field is divided into basins according to the capacity of water. This basin can be made smaller than this if required and still be irrigated efficiently with the available stream size. 1. 2.2.2 Shape and dimensions This may result in waterlogging. stream size to the basin is large4. It is the best method of irrigation for leveled fields. Check basin irrigation is suited for smooth gentle and uniform land slopes and for soils having moderate to low infiltration rates. Plants may also suffer in the wet parts; plant nutrients are carried away from the rootzone to the subsoil and, especially on clay soils, the plants may drown. In this method, rain water stays in basins, hence soil erosion is not caused. There are no percolation losses during under-irrigation. Before construction can begin the location of the basins and bunds must be set out on the ground. Basin flooding. method of irrigation (2020 kg/ ha) as compared to check basin of irrigation (1762 kg/ha). B-1 Furrow Irrigation Method. of bunds. The smoothing is usually done by an animal or tractor drawn float. 90% of world’s total irrigated area is under this method. Irrigation water is led directly from the field channel into the basin through siphons, spiles or bundbreaks (see also Annex 1). In this method, the entire field is divided into a number of small plots so that each plot … Also, the field channels should be kept free from weeds and silt deposits. 2.2.2 Shape and dimensions field preparation is done by hand or animal traction. The direct method. Due to seepage in drains, wastage of water is caused. The basin flooding method is check flooding adapted to orchards. Size of basins are made according to the inflow of water. From Table 1 the maximum basin or terrace width for a slope of 1% is 25 m (range 15-25 m). Irrigation water is led directly from the field channel into the basin through siphons, spiles or bundbreaks (see also Annex 1). This method of irrigation is used to irrigate orchards & large trees. In these circumstances basins are usually small as they are easy to level and efficient irrigation can be attained with relatively small stream sizes. It is labour intensive. A second line is then set out along a contour further up the slope to mark the location of the next bund. Following are disadvantages of check basin method: 1. Level basins can be constructed like the steps of a staircase and these are called terraces (Figure 8). When forming bunds for terraces, soil should only be taken from the uphill side of the bund. On steep and irregular sloping lands, the basins may be long and narrow. Permanent bunds are mostly used in rice cultivation, where the same crop is planted on the same fields year after year. Dislike Bookmark. 4. It is more efficient method of irrigation arid ensures uniform application of water. a) Border irrigation method b) Basin flooding c) Sprinkler irrigation method d) Furrow irrigation method Care is needed when filling in the borrow furrow to ensure the bund height is maintained so that overtopping is avoided. On flat land only minor levelling may be required to obtain level basins. Three other factors which may affect basin width are: If the topsoil is shallow, there is a danger of exposing the infertile subsoil when the terraces are excavated. Levelling rice basins can be much simpler. On sloping land, where terraces are used, the irrigation water is supplied to the highest terrace, and then allowed to flow to a lower terrace and so on. They are irrigated with comparatively large flow of water. In this method, water is applied to crops from supply channels by means of siphon tubes, take-out pipe, diversion check etc. What is the shape of the basin: square, The flatter the land surface, the easier it is to construct basins. Suitability ~ It is suitable for orchards and trees. 2. This method is also prevalent in India as it does not cause any burden on the farmer. Therefore, the use of large inflow stream reduces water spread time over the basin. The bunds are used as paths in the rice fields as well. This can be done by hand or by a tractor-drawn land plane depending on the size of the basin. Figure 7 Basin irrigation; transplanting paddy rice. ‘Dhora’ is of two types, one is the main ‘Dhora’ and the other ‘Dhora’ is connected to basins. Plus, it also guards against soil erosion. This form of traditional irrigation has been around for centuries. This settling (compaction of the soil) will take several months. The settled height will be 40-50 cm. Q 1) The irrigation method where only one fifth to one half of the land surface is wetted by water resulting in less evaporation and less pudding of soil is called. Figure 9 Shape and dimensions of permanent bunds, Figure 9 Shape and dimensions of temporary bunds. Teacher for Physics, Chemistry and Maths from 8th to 12th. This is the line along which the first bund is constructed. It is more efficient method of irrigation arid ensures uniform application of water. basins How the irrigation water can be evenly distributed in the root zone is explained below, and an example of the evaluation of basin irrigation performance is given in Annex 4. The check basins are especially suitable for heavy soils with low infiltration rate or highly permeable sandy soils. Border flooding. Check flooding. This method is especially suitable for irrigating grain and fodder crops in heavy soil where water is absorbed very slowly. 1. The size of the basin is also influenced by the depth (in mm) of the irrigation application. It is therefore important to check the bunds regularly, notice defects and repair them instantly, before greater damage is done. The main limitation on the width of a basin is the land slope. This furrow can be smoothed out later or be used as a farm channel or drain. Table 1 APPROXIMATE VALUES FOR THE MAXIMUM BASIN OR TERRACE WIDTH (m). The shape is mainly determined by the slope. The width of drains is affected by factors like flow of water, percentage, slope and structure of the ground etc. The available stream size is 25 l/sec. of bunds. This problem can be overcome by using the borrow-furrow as a small channel to take water to the lower terrace. Figure 18 A nearly impermeable layer above which a perched water table is formed. Figure 17 shows an ideal wetting pattern: the basin is level and the right quantity of water has been supplied with the correct scream size. Permanent bunds usually have a base width of 130-160 cm and a height of 60-90 cm when constructed. supplying incorrect stream size, applying too little or too much water. 0. to the shape and size of the bunds. Thus several attempts may be required to correct the levelling. The percolation losses are high, the plant nutrients are washed away and, on clay soils, the plants may even drown. when water is in short supply or the supply system breaks down. Setting out is relatively simple and involves only straight lines. These are first cultivated and then filled with water. The height of bunds is determined by the irrigation depth and the freeboard. Advantages and Disadvantages of Crop Rotation in Points, Advantages and Disadvantages of Check Basin Method, Proudly powered by 1001artificialplants.com. Estimate the dimensions of basins, when the soil type is a deep clay loam and the land slope is 1%.  The size of the basin varies from 10m2to … I will show you all the details about them in the blog.